Food Packaging Evolution in the Context of Environmental and Economic Sustainability

Abstract

Purpose: This scientific study investigates the transformation of food packaging systems over time with a focus on ecological implications. By tracing the evolution from traditional biodegradable materials to synthetic polymers and back toward eco-friendly innovations, the study identifies key environmental challenges and sustainable packaging trends shaping modern food systems. Design/methodology/approach: The research applies a multidisciplinary approach combining historical review, environmental impact assessment, and market trend analysis. It utilizes data from Statista, FAOSTAT, and EU environmental agencies (2010-2023) to evaluate material flows, carbon footprints, and policy shifts affecting packaging choices. Findings: Modern food packaging has moved from convenience-driven plastic dominance to sustainability-centered innovation. Compostable biopolymers, edible films, and smart packaging solutions now gain traction. Consumer awareness and EU regulations have driven demand for circular economy-based models. Despite progress, challenges remain in scalability, waste management infrastructure, and cost competitiveness. Research limitations/implications: This study is based on secondary data and literature, which may be subject to reporting biases and variations in methodological quality. Differences in lifecycle assessment boundaries, geographic contexts, and timeframes limit direct comparability between sources. Market figures are projections and may change due to economic fluctuations, policy shifts, or technological breakthroughs. Future research should incorporate primary data collection, harmonised LCA methodologies, and region-specific analyses to validate and refine the findings. Originality/value: The study provides a comparative framework for understanding the ecological consequences of different packaging materials. It highlights the crucial role of innovation, consumer behaviorе, and policy in transitioning to sustainable packaging systems. These results could be especially interesting for researchers whose studies are interdisciplinary. Keywords: eco-packaging, sustainable development, food industry, plastic alternatives, circular economy. Category of the paper: Research paper